Lub spectrometer yog ib qho cuab yeej tshawb fawb, siv los txheeb xyuas cov spectrum ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, nws tuaj yeem tso tawm cov spectrum ntawm cov hluav taws xob raws li lub spectrograph sawv cev rau kev faib tawm ntawm lub teeb siv nrog rau lub wavelength (y-axis yog qhov siv, x-axis yog lub wavelength. / zaus ntawm lub teeb).Lub teeb sib txawv sib cais rau hauv nws cov khoom siv lub wavelengths hauv lub spectrometer los ntawm cov nqaj splitters, uas feem ntau yog refractive prisms los yog diffraction gratings Fig. 1.
Daim duab 1 Spectrum ntawm lub teeb thiab lub hnub ci (sab laug), beam splitting txoj cai ntawm grating thiab prism (txoj cai)
Spectrometers ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntsuas qhov dav dav ntawm cov hluav taws xob kho qhov muag, txawm hais tias los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ncaj qha cov emission spectrum ntawm lub teeb los yog los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov kev xav, nqus, xa mus, lossis tawg ntawm lub teeb tom qab nws cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv.Tom qab lub teeb thiab teeb meem sib cuam tshuam, lub spectrum tau ntsib qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qee qhov spectral ntau lossis ib lub wavelength tshwj xeeb, thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov zoo lossis ntau npaum li cas raws li qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov spectrum, xws li kev tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg. muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab concentration ntawm cov ntshav thiab tsis paub daws teeb meem, thiab kev tsom xam ntawm lub molecule, atomic qauv thiab elemental muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Infrared absorption spectra ntawm ntau hom roj
Ameslikas tsim los rau kev kawm txog physics, astronomy, chemistry, spectrometer yog tam sim no ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntau yam xws li tshuaj lom neeg engineering, cov ntaub ntawv tsom xam, astronomical science, kho mob kuaj mob, thiab bio-sensing.Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, Isaac Newton muaj peev xwm faib lub teeb mus rau hauv cov xim tsis tu ncua los ntawm kev hla lub teeb ntawm lub teeb dawb los ntawm ib qho prism thiab siv lo lus "Spectrum" thawj zaug los piav txog cov txiaj ntsig no Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Isaac Newton kawm txog lub hnub ci spectrum nrog lub prism.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tus kws tshawb fawb German Joseph von Fraunhofer (Franchofer), ua ke nrog prisms, diffraction slits thiab telescopes, ua lub spectrometer nrog siab precision thiab raug, uas yog siv los soj ntsuam lub spectrum ntawm hnub ci emissions Fig 4. pom thawj zaug uas spectrum ntawm lub hnub xya-xim tsis tas mus li, tab sis muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kab tsaus nti (tshaj 600 discrete kab) rau nws, paub raws li lub npe nrov "Frankenhofer kab".Nws hu ua qhov txawv tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab no A, B, C…H thiab nws suav qee 574 kab ntawm B thiab H uas sib haum rau kev nqus ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm lub hnub ci spectrum Fig. 5. Tib lub sijhawm, Fraunhofer kuj yog tus ua ntej siv lub diffraction grating kom tau kab spectra thiab xam cov wavelength ntawm cov kab spectral.
Fig. 4. Ib qho spectrometer thaum ntxov, saib nrog tib neeg
Fig. 5 Fraun Whaffe kab (dub kab hauv ribbon)
Fig. 6 Hnub ci spectrum, nrog rau qhov concave sib raug rau Fraun Wolfel kab
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, German physicists Kirchhoff thiab Bunsen, ua hauj lwm ua ke nyob rau hauv lub University of Heidelberg, thiab nrog Bunsen tus tshiab tsim nplaim taws (lub Bunsen burner) thiab ua thawj spectral tsom xam los ntawm kev ceeb toom cov spectral kab ntawm cov tshuaj sib txawv. (ntsev) sprinkled rau hauv Bunsen burner nplaim fig.7. Lawv paub qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev soj ntsuam cov spectra, thiab xyoo 1860 tau luam tawm qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm yim lub ntsiab lus, thiab txiav txim siab qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv ntau lub ntuj tsim.Lawv qhov kev tshawb pom coj mus rau kev tsim ib ceg tseem ceeb ntawm spectroscopy analytical chemistry: spectroscopic tsom xam
Fig.7 Nplaim Reaction
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, Indian physicist CV Raman siv lub spectrometer los tshawb pom cov inelastic scattering nyhuv ntawm lub teeb thiab molecules nyob rau hauv cov organic tov.Nws pom tias qhov xwm txheej lub teeb tawg nrog lub zog siab dua thiab qis dua tom qab sib cuam tshuam nrog lub teeb, uas tom qab ntawd hu ua Raman scattering fig 8. Qhov kev hloov ntawm lub teeb lub zog ua rau lub microstructure ntawm molecules, yog li Raman scattering spectroscopy yog siv dav hauv cov ntaub ntawv, tshuaj, tshuaj. thiab lwm yam kev lag luam los txheeb xyuas thiab txheeb xyuas cov hom molecular thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom.
Daim duab 8 Lub zog hloov tom qab lub teeb cuam tshuam nrog cov molecules
Nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas Dr. Beckman thawj zaug tau thov kom ntsuas qhov nqus ntawm ultraviolet spectra ntawm txhua lub wavelength sib cais los qhia txog qhov ua tiav kev nqus spectrum, yog li nthuav tawm hom thiab concentration ntawm cov tshuaj hauv cov tshuaj.Txoj kev kis tau tus kab mob no muaj lub teeb ci, spectrometer, thiab qauv.Qhov feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tam sim no muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev kuaj pom concentration yog nyob ntawm qhov kev sib kis ntawm qhov nqus nqus spectrum.Ntawm no, lub teeb ci tau muab faib rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov prism lossis grating raug tshuaj xyuas kom tau txais cov wavelength sib txawv Fig. 9.
Fig.9 Absorbance Detection Principple –
Nyob rau hauv lub 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, thawj thawj spectrometer ncaj qha nrhiav tau tsim, thiab thawj zaug, photomultiplier hlab PMTs thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau hloov cov kev soj ntsuam tib neeg lub qhov muag lossis cov duab thaij duab, uas tuaj yeem nyeem ncaj qha rau cov spectral siv tawm tsam wavelength Fig. 10. Yog li, lub spectrometer raws li cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb tau txhim kho tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv yooj yim, kev ntsuas ntau, thiab rhiab heev rau lub sijhawm.
Daim duab 10 Photomultiplier tube
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab mus rau lig xyoo pua 20th, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm spectrometer technology yog inseparable los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm optoelectronic semiconductor cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv.Xyoo 1969, Willard Boyle thiab George Smith ntawm Bell Labs tau tsim CCD (Charge-Coupled Device), uas tom qab ntawd tau txhim kho thiab tsim los rau hauv daim ntawv thov kev yees duab los ntawm Michael F. Tompsett hauv xyoo 1970s.Willard Boyle (sab laug), George Smith yeej leej twg yeej qhov khoom plig Nobel rau lawv qhov kev tsim ntawm CCD (2009) qhia Fig. 11. Xyoo 1980, Nobukazu Teranishi ntawm NEC hauv Nyij Pooj tau tsim lub photodiode ruaj khov, uas zoo heev txhim kho cov duab suab nrov piv thiab daws teeb meem.Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1995, NASA's Eric Fossum tau tsim lub CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) duab sensor, uas siv 100 npaug ntawm lub zog tsawg dua li cov duab CCD zoo sib xws thiab muaj nqi ntau lawm.
Daim duab 11 Willard Boyle (sab laug), George Smith thiab lawv CCD (1974)
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev txhim kho tsis tu ncua ntawm semiconductor optoelectronic nti ua thiab tsim tshuab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog kev siv array CCD thiab CMOS hauv spectrometers Fig. 12, nws tuaj yeem tau txais ntau yam ntawm spectra nyob rau hauv ib qho raug.Sij hawm dhau mus, spectrometers tau pom kev siv dav hauv ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog tab sis tsis txwv rau kev kuaj pom xim / ntsuas, laser wavelength tsom xam, thiab fluorescence spectroscopy, LED sorting, duab thiab teeb pom kev zoo khoom, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thiab ntau dua. .
Daim duab 12 Ntau yam CCD chips
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, kev tsim thiab tsim tshuab ntawm ntau hom spectrometers tau maj mam loj hlob thiab ruaj khov.Nrog kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau spectrometers thoob plaws txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub neej, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm spectrometers tau dhau los ua nrawm dua thiab muaj kev lag luam tshwj xeeb.Ntxiv nrog rau qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas pom zoo, cov kev lag luam sib txawv tau ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm qhov ntim loj, software ua haujlwm, kev sib txuas lus, kev teb ceev, kev ruaj ntseg, thiab txawm tias tus nqi ntawm spectrometers, ua rau kev txhim kho spectrometer ntau dua.
Post lub sij hawm: Nov-28-2023